Cold War and Communism Essay

There are situations in life that can arise at any moment, without our control. Nuclear war and terrorism are two of these situations. There are things we can do to prepare for these situations, but are we ever really prepared? To live under the threat of nuclear war must have been terrible. To know that at any moment a something very catastrophic could happen to us and our family, and there are only a number of things we can do to protect ourselves, is a gut wrenching feeling. During the Cold War, the threat of nuclear war and the atomic bomb put fear into everyone’s life. There was nothing civilians could do about this, except to â€Å"Duck and Cover†. The threat of the atomic bomb was so real that schools were instructing students on what to do if and when it was to occur. â€Å"Duck and cover† is what the students were taught to do. No matter where the person was, outside or inside, duck and cover was the best thing they could do in order to protect themselves from flying debris and the extremely bright light. I’m sure that the fear that the threat of the atomic bomb scared the children very much. Living under the threat of nuclear war and living under the threat of terrorism have a lot in common. Terrorism defines many different situations, such as 9/11, a shooter entering a public place, poison being put into our air or drinking water, etc. The fear is the same, we are afraid that a situation could occur that could harm, or even kill, us or our loved ones, and there is nothing we can do to prevent it. Just like schools were teaching students what to do in case of a nuclear bomb during the Cold War, schools are now teaching students what to do in case of a terrorist attack. Since the shooting at the elementary school Connecticut, schools all over the country have been teaching the students what to do and how to handle the situation. I believe that this is a very positive thing. School shootings seem to be happening more and more often, and students should be prepared. One different between the threat of the nuclear bomb and the threat of terroristic attacks is that the nuclear bomb was expected to happen, terrorism isn’t something we expect, it tend to happen randomly with no warning. Living under the threat of any catastrophic event is very frightening. All we can do is learn what to do in the situation and be prepared.

Management and Organizational Structure of Goddard Catering

Management and Organizational structure of Goddard Catering Group Ltd. Bottling water company Mission Statement Your Health is our Concern Your thirst is ours to quench Vision Statement To be the number one consumer choice for purified drinking water in St. Lucia and other territories. About the Company Paradise Water, formally known as Paradise Springs is a private limited company, subsidiary of Goddard catering group St. Lucia Ltd and was established in 1988. The company is located at the Hewanorra International Airport, and is a leading supplier of bottled water in St Lucia, and currently holds the most modern water plant on the island.From the initial stage of blowing up the bottles for distribution of water to sales and marketing of the product Paradise Water aggressively promotes its product both locally and regionally in countries such as Antigua and Barbuda, and Grenada, and is continuing to expand at a rapid rate. Paradise Water is endorsed by the St Lucia Bureau of Standard s and carries the approval seal on every bottle produced. The company began as a spring water bottling company in 1988 providing drinking water to local retail outlets island wide. They began operations with 12 employees which included 1 sales person, a general manager and an operations supervisor.As the years progressed and the company’s sales volume increased the number of employees increased to 87 by 1994. The organizational structure now included an HR Assistant, Operations Manager, and Financial Controller. In that same year the company and all of St Lucia suffered massive losses as a result of the damage caused by Tropical Storm Debby on September 10th. The company’s water source was completely destroyed forcing them to rethink their product strategy. The decision was then taken to transform the company from bottling spring water, to a water purification plant hence the name change.Organizational Structure Organizational Structure The company follows a functional structure with horizontal linkage. In this organization the employees report to their department managers and theses managers report to the general manager. A cross functional information system is used to routinely exchange information about problems, opportunities, activities within the company. Departmental managers along with the General Manager are the ones making decisions regarding the company. Each department also has project teams responsible for handling mini tasks within their department. Changes over the past 20yearsOver the past 20 years the company has seen some major changes to its product; the switch from bottling purified water to purified water. The increase in the 500ml bottle size to 600ml The introduction of the 3 gallon bottle and hand pump Increase in the number of staff and the introduction of new managerial post such as accounts and human resources. The Product Paradise Water is available in a variety of bottle sizes which are 600ml, 1. 5L, 5L, as well as 3 and 5 gallon sizes. Rigorous testing standards are employed in order to ensure that the water quality meets the highest international standards.Paradise water also provides free coolers to customers who sign up to receive 10 or more 5 gallon bottles of water per week. They also provide the option of rental of the coolers if the criteria for receiving the free cooler cannot be met. Description of Competitors Paradise water manufactures branded water for TEMPO, Coconut Bay, BARON Foods and GL Food Market. Paradise Water holds 40% of the market share however its main competitors are Blue Waters and Crystal Clear Water. Blue Waters is a Trinidad based company with a distribution center in the north of the island.Blue waters also provides customers with similir services as Paradise water which includes 1. 5L, 5L, and 5 gallon bottles of water. They also provide 650ml, 400ml and 8L bottles of water which are not manufactured by Paradise Water. Blue waters currently hold 25% of the market share. Another competitor is Crystal Clear purified water which also holds 25% of the market. Crystal Clear water is a new commer to the market however the company is slowly making strides to improve its product and gaining them a ? of the market providing consumers with cheaper prices for larger sizes of water.The remaining 10% is shared among smaller water companies. Pricing Paradise Water| | Blue Waters| | Crystal Clear Water| Product| Price| | Product| Price| | Product| Price| 600ml| $ 2. 00 | | 400ml| $ 0. 99 | | 355ml| $ 0. 99 | 1. 5L| $ 3. 00 | | 650ml| $ 2. 50 | | 650ml| $ 2. 50 | 5L| $ 6. 00 | | 1. 5L| $ 3. 00 | | 1. 5L| $ 3. 00 | 3 Gal| $ 15. 00 | | 5L| $ 7. 00 | | 2liter pk (2 2liter bottles)| $ 5. 00 | 5 Gal| $ 20. 00 | | 8L| $ 10. 0 | | | | | | | 5 Gal| $ 25. 00 | | | | Paradise water provides a competitive pricing advantage on its products showing a lower price for most of its products except that of the 1. 5L which is sold at the same price for all the companies. Org anizational Culture Responsibility to Customers Paradise Water strives to provide the best quality water and the highest quality of customer service to its customers. After the passing of Hurricane Tomas in 2010 the company has realized a tremendous increase in the demand for bottled water as people are more health conscious.Paradise water has a rigiourous filtration system to ensure that all impurities are removed from the water, the filtration system is as follows: Responsibility to employees The company recognises that the company’s success depends on the corporation and contribution of all its employees therefore, the company aims to provide all employees a safe working environment, ensuring that competitive terms and conditions of service ar provided to these employees and encouraging employees to get involved in the planning and direction of work.The company also promotes employee development through scholarships for employees wishing to further their education. Employe es also receive one free 5 gallon of water a week as an inccentive. Social Responsibility Social Responsibility is high on the list of priorities of Paradise Water. The company seeks to conduct business as a responsible corporate member of society, observing the laws of the country and seeking to improve the quality of life for all St Lucians through education, health, sports and culture.The company believes in the true meaning of community living and makes every effort to enhance the quality of life for as many people as possible. The company sees giving back to the community as a way of saying thank you to all St Lucians. Paradise Water is the sponsor of * District 6 school sports meets * The official sponsor of high jump champion Levern Spencer’s 2012 olympic campaign – All customers purchasing the specially labeled Levern Spencer bottles of water will be contributing to the sponsorship of Ms.Spencer’s trip to the 2012 olympic campaigh as proceeds from the pu rchase of any size of Paradise Water go towards Levern's 2012 Olympic campaign. * the official water of Pinehill funwalk * the company also sponsors many other local youth groups and activities Awards: The company has received numerous awards throughout its existance these include: * 2008 -2011 Ministry of Social Transformation – Outstanding Contributions to St Lucia sports * 2008 St. Lucia Amateur Swimming Association – Sponsor of the Year * 2012 St Lucia Manufacturers Association: Platinum Award for Implementation of Standards and Best Practices -Gold award for Social Responsibility -Gold award for Leadership Business Strategy Paradise water strives to go beyond what its competitors are offering as far as a product line and the price of their product. This has been achieved for the last five years and the company plans to continue to do so by continually developing new product ideas along with ways to make its production aspect run more efficiently. The research team currently is developing a new product line: flavored water with all natural ingredients.This new product will increase the company’s revenue by 10%. The company plans to extend its geographic market to include St. Vincent and Trinidad . The bottle design team has finished a 5 liter design that will be fitted to a water dispensing unit. These units will be rented to office buildings and houses for a very low cost per month. Product Strategy Paradise Water hopes to begin testing flavored water to see how the public would respond to this new product line In addition to it’s current line of products, the company will be adding a new product to it’s line which is in its final stages of designing.That is an improved 5 liter bottle with a water dispenser unit that will be rented to office buildings and available for sell to the home user. Price Strategy Paradise Water keeps their products reasonably priced so as to maintain its competitive advantage, keep loyal custom ers and attract new customers. Promotion Strategy Paradise Water Sales and marketing team conducting a hydration class at the OPSR expo2012. The company seeks to promote its products through sponsorship of various community activities.The company also uses radio and tevevision advertisments to promote its product. Its current campaign being the raise the bar campaign – sponsorship of Levern Spencers journey to the Olympics. Distribution Strategy In addition to its effective distribution of water to all supermarkets on the island and convenience stores; Paradise Water undertakes extensive home and office delivery of bottles and coolers for Monday to Friday. This ensures that customers receive the service befitting their top quality product. Company’s S. W. O. T Analysis StrengthsParadise water is the leading retailer of purified water on the island Products prices are the lowests among competitors Weakness Production of bottled water is dependant on clean running water from the water company, should a disaster occur and the water system is damaged or a drought, then production would be at a stand still. Opportunities Distribute to over 55 communities within the region Place paradise water and water dispensers in local grade schools. We plan to donate the dispensers and stock and provide the schools with free water for a year. ThreatsThere is the constant fear another company trying to sell a better product will steal our loyal customers away. If the public percives Paradise Water as nothing but tap water rather than purified water they may opt to puchase a different brand of water. Bibliography Cozier, M. (2012, June 8). General Manager, Paradise Springs. (S. Christophe, Interviewer) http://www. entrepreneur. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. entrepreneur. com. Paradise Water. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://slupsl. net Williams, C. (2011-2012). MGMT. In C. Williams, MGMT4th Ed. South-Western Cengage Learning.

Industrialization Process in America and Work of Woman Essay

Industrialization Process in America and Work of Woman - Essay Example o now the woman i left with even le help. o although electric appliance may make houehold job eaier, they are till no le time conuming becaue whatever help a woman had before appliance ha been eliminated.1 econdly, he dicue the functionalit interpretation of the recent hitory of the family. It ay that the beginning of indutrialization caued houehold to become deprived of their eential productive role in the economy (for example, people make clothe in a factory now intead of making them at home to ell later), hence women became deprived of their eential productive function (making dree). One olution for women to gain back a ene of their function in ociety would be for them to eek a new function in the workplace outide of home. Contrary belief, however, feel that a woman hould now intead devote her time to raiing her children and to tenion management (what a lame word, which in eence mean taking care of houehold chore o that the huband and children do not have to uffer the tree of doing it themelve). o intead of redefining a woman' function in ociety to outide of the home, technology ha only moved it to another facet inide of the home. A econd olution would be to create a new ideology i n which women' function are not confined to the home. In thi ituation, a woman would not have to go through thi "role anxiety". Thi, of coure, i a better olution. Cowan goe on to ay that indutrialization wa a participant in the "backward earch for femininity". Becaue ome of women' role in the houehold were being replaced by technology, women were earching for new way of being a woman (which till meant "finding themelve" within the home). Becaue a woman' function wa now directed toward raiing children, couple began having more children, hence the baby boom. Women alo began to return to the "fruitful" and "productive" way of before indutrialization. They began knitting, crocheting, baking and growing vegetable garden.2 ome theorie ugget that appliance are what caued women to go to the workforce outide of the home. They now had free time on their hand ince their job were made eaier. For example, the wahing machine clean clothe much fater than a wahtub did. Cowan diagree with thee theorie, however. A tated earlier, time wa not alway reduced by houehold appliance. Alo, houewive began to enter the labor market outide of the home before modern houehold technologie were widely ued. Thirdly, he claim that houewive who were entering the workforce outide of the home were the one who did not have and could not afford thee amenitie. o technology i not a caue of women entering the workforce outide of home but rather it i a catalyt. It did not free them into the workforce outide of the home but rather allowed them to work and till maintain a decent home. Women, for whatever reaon, wanted or needed employment and aw that amenitie could allow them to work outide of the home without endangering the living tandard of their family. Wive could come home from work tired, and till prepare a decent dinner (thank to frozen dinner) and do a load of laundry o that their children and huband would have clean clothe to wear the next day. Cowan tate that technological ytem which dominate our houehold, and which houehold are built around (thing like water, ga, ewer), were built with the aumption that omebody would be around to

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the Essay - 1

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the events industry - Essay Example A general analysis of the importance of corporate sponsorship in events to the audience reveals that the audience is often in a position to gain, but these gains can be both positive and negative for the parties involved. On the positive perspective, there is issuance of presents and gifts that corporate sponsors often bring with them to woo and reward the audience into and for attending the sponsored event. This is a crucial aspect in that the audience gets to interact with what the corporates have to offer in terms of services and goods through their attendance and sponsorship. Moreover, it offers the corporate an opportunity to market and promote their products, services to the society thereby tapping into potential markets. However, some of these corporates take advantage of the audience to run entertainment events or, in some cases, competitions. These competitions, which are held as raffles only indulge members of the audience, and they serve to entertain the audience and provi de a sense of reality in their interactions. However, this is not fully beneficial for the audience in that some institutions bring out their goods or services in the form of prototypes that they would like to test for the first time. The application of this strategy is usually to the disadvantage of the audience in that any side effects that come to be, only affect the audience, who are usually not informed. However, in some noble cases, the audience is notified of new products by the institution in question, which serves to their benefit in that they engage in a rare feat. Engaging in an event or getting to be part of the unveiling of a new product or service, although as a test product, is a crucial aspect for an audience as it serves as first-hand experience to cherish. Moreover, the service or product is usually free of charge, which means it works for all parties involved in terms of creating an image, as shall be seen later. Altogether, there remains discord towards the benef its and damages of sponsorship towards audiences and their wellbeing. The importance of corporate sponsorship can also be analysed from the perspective of the

Community Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community - Research Paper Example 524 8,186,453 8,829,383 281,421,906 293,045,739 Source: http://oasis.state.ga.us/oasis/qryPopulation.aspx Population by RACE 2004 The newer books might have these listed as non-Hispanic, White etc. Feel free to change. (Newton) County Black Hispanic White Native Americans Asian Other # % # % # % # % # % # % 24,451 22.08 2,376 1.87 55,312 74.20 183 0.21 903 0.72 70 0.11 State of Georgia Black Hispanic White Native Americans Asian Other # % # % # % # % # % # % 2,612,936 28.48 598,322 5.32 5,862,978 62.65 27,457 0.22 229,741 2.10 11275 0.14 United States Black Hispanic White Native Americans Asian Other # % # % # % # % # % # % 2,349,542 28.7 35,305,818 12.55 194,552,774 69.13 2,068,883 0.74 10,123,169 3.60 467,770 0.17 LEVEL OF EDUCATION Age 25 + High School 13,601 34.75 1,486,006 28.65 52,168,981 28.63 Associates 1,610 4.11 269,740 5.20 11,512,833 6.32 Bachelors 3,715 9.49 829,873 16.00 28,317,792 15.54 Graduate 1,977 5.05 430,305 8.30 16,144,813 8.86 Source: http://quickfacts.census.g ov INCOME BY HOUSEHOLD (Newton) County Georgia United States Year 2000 2000 2000 # % # % # % 200,000 308 1.40 70,843 2.36 2,502,675 2.37 MEDIAN INCOME (Newton) County Georgia United States 2000 44,875 41,901 41,990 Source: http://quickfacts.census.gov HEALTH STATISTICS Legend: T=Total W=White AA=African American O=Other Ethnic Group Use the following two forms for Mortality and Morbidity rates that are specific to your target population. _ (Deaths and percent of deaths; SIDS) ____________MORTALITY RATE per 100,000 population ***Change years for your data if necessary!!!!** Georgia (Newton) County T W AA T W AA 2000 113 44 69 2 0 2 2001 112 60 51 1 0 1 2002 141 78 59 4 2 2 2003 104 50 54 2 1 1 2004 130 68 59 1 0 1 (Source: For US, Health United States, Statistical Abstract of the US, [will need several years], MMWR, Prevention Profile.) For GA/County, use Georgia Vital Statistics for the year requested. _ (Sexually transmitted disease cases and rate) ____________ MORBIDITY RATE per 1 00,000 populations Georgia (Newton) County T W AA T W AA 2000 52,642 5,006 30,015 216 38 124 2001 53,258 4,795 25,479 296 47 147 2002 55,347 5,916 31,868 347 62 175 2003 55,624 6,239 30,802 380 63 202 2004 52,388 5,277 26,340 371 42 157 (Source: For US, Health United States, MMWR, Prevention Profile, Local and State Health Departments, CDC) The focus of this paper is on AIDS as a community health issue in Newton County, the state of Georgia in the United States. There lacks a representative national system of surveillance of the prevalence of AIDS infections (Prachakul, Grant and Keltner,

Hearing Imapried Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hearing Imapried - Essay Example ‘Hard of hearing’ is a term referring to a person who has some degree of hearing loss but is able to function in the hearing and speech modalities either with or without the use of assistive listening devices such as hearing aids. ‘Deaf’, on the other hand, is a term used to refer to people who have a greater degree of hearing loss, use sign language as their primary means of communication, and are in some manner affiliated with the Deaf community. Thus, deafness may be viewed as a condition that prevents an individual from receiving sound in all forms. In contrast, a child with hearing loss can generally respond to auditory stimuli, including speech (â€Å"Deafness†, 2004). Section 504 of IDEA states, â€Å"No otherwise qualified individual with disability in the United States †¦ shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance† (â€Å"Exceptional†, 2007). The problem undertaken in ensuring this law is complied with enters when one begins to look at the various characteristics of hearing loss and deafness and attempts to incorporate alternative learning strategies into the classroom are made. People who are deaf or hard of hearing use one of three main approaches to communicate. These include the oral approach, the manual approach and the total approach. The oral approach makes heavy use of speech and reading skills to communicate with others and generally has a tendency to remain close to the familiar. The manual approach uses sign language only as a means of communicating and is generally used by people who are completely deaf or well integrated into the Deaf community. Total communication refers to the use of a combination of the oral and manual approach to communication, including the use of informal gestures and written or spoken words. Certain

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

History - Essay Example According to Turner, Americans derived their unique character from the constant need to face this great frontier and conquer its wildness. This provided Americans with specific traits such as individualism as they battled the wilderness alone, nationalism as they claimed new territories for their country, mobility as they continued to push their boundaries and egalitarianism as they discovered that each man, fighting for a means of making a living, was equal to all other men as they are all engaged in the same activity and should be given the same opportunity (Flagg, 1997). In many respects, Turner had a good point. Americans were constantly coming up against a frontier boundary behind which the world was still savage and wild. In order to make this land hospitable, it was necessary for individual spirits, knowing they would not have the backing of a large community or governmental army behind them, to go out and conquer this wilderness and bring it into order for the ‘proper’ settlement of civilized folk. That there was a frontier at all presented a constant challenge to all Americans that success could be had for the taking if one was willing to fight hard enough for it. At the same time, there seemed to be no limit to this expanse of wild areas to be conquered, giving Americans the impression that it was open to any and all who would come. However, as Wibe (2007) explains, this theory discounted to an obscene degree the role of the ‘savages’ who already lived in this wild and untamed land. Rather than simply being open and available for the taking, much of this land already belonged to another people, people who often had treaties with the very government Americans envisioned themselves as fighting for. There is no account for the lack of shame Americans should have taken at desecrating a land belonging to others, no indication of the moral destruction caused by the near

Human Resource & Competitive Advantage- A Case of Nucor Study

Human Resource & Competitive Advantage- A of Nucor - Case Study Example Looking at the financial aspect of the pay for performance system the system might seem as inappropriate to modern organizational setting but they pay system of Nucor needed to be viewed from the human side of the equation. However there are advantages and disadvantages that are associated with the pay for performance scheme of Nucor. Advantages According to the case study, pay for performance has helped Nucor to retain top performers and create the sense of responsibility among employees because employees know that their pay scale is directly related to their performance level. Korda has pointed out that leaders need to adopt alternate solutions in order to enhance performance of subordinates. Same is the case for Nucor, leaders of the company have designed a unique pay for performance scheme for employees which can positively impact the overall production performance of the company. According to the case study, workers in Nucor Corporation three times incentives along with the fixed pay when they perform exceptionally well. Now from an egalitarian perspective, the pay for performance model can be appreciated, for example, in a fixed salary based compensation scheme with separate performance appraisal system; all employees are equally compensated irrespective of their performance level in the organizations.... mpensation scheme with separate performance appraisal system; all employees are equally compensated irrespective of their performance level in the organizations. Such type of pay system might discourage employees to put their hard work hence overall productivity of the firm will get hampered. The case is opposite when organizations link incentives along with fixed payment to appreciate workers to enhance their effort level earn more monetary rewards. Disadvantages According to Bernardin and Russell (2013) there are two major limitations associated with pay for performance scheme, 1-it is not a standardised procedure to measure performance because performance of employees can be downgraded by variety of reasons apart from incompetency of workers and 2- biased pay for performance system can decreased the level of output from workers. These problems are associated with the pay system of Nucor Corporation. Careful analysis is showing that, hourly workers in steel manufacturing giant earn $10/hour which is far less than the industry average of $16-$21/hour while rest of the payment is made in terms of incentives and bonuses which are linked with the quality and productivity of entire shift. Now imagine a case, where overall productivity of Nucor Corporation gets reduced due to decrease in demand for steel across the globe for various macro-environmental reasons. From the law of economics, in such cases, Nucor will not be able provide bonuses or incentives to workers hence the workers will go home with fixed salary which is way below than the industry average. The same case happened to Nucor during 2003, when the demand for steel was chopped; hourly workers earned only $59,000 annually. Answer 2 Nucor Corporation uses both financial and non-financial incentives to motivate

United States History Essay Example for Free

United States History Essay The years from 1929 to 1945 played a big role in the history of the economy, political and social development in the United States. The paper discusses the controversial Great Depression in the United States as well as the country’s involvement in World War II. The important details are written and studied here. INTRODUCTION In 1929, the United States of America has been involved in its own controversies as well as affected the many other countries of the world because of the downfall of its economy. The Presidents of the United States in the controversial periods were involved in trying to uphold the economic situation in the country as well as being a powerful country around the world at that time. The United States of America had to face the Great Depression and WWII at the same time. Only then did the economy and political stability of the country was regained. Isolationism is a foreign economic policy stance applied by the 29th and 30th presidents of the United States, Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge respectively. This is one policy that many historians blame for the stock market crash in 1929 since it applies the laissez-faire approach. It was also said that the isolationist attitude of the Americans at that time were displayed by both presidents. In the latter years, leaders under the administration of President Roosevelt grew sentiments for the same idea of isolationism. Herbert Hoover took office as the 31st president of the United States of America from March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933. During his presidency of the United States, the stock market crash of 1929 happened. He believed that interfering with the economy is not a part of the government responsibility and was accused by some critics of taking laissez-faire stance. Due to his disregard of the economic crisis on the nation, many Americans lost their jobs and homes and he was rated very poorly among all the presidents of the United States (Krugman, 2008). Many people believed that President Hoover had huge responsibility in salvaging the country from Great Depression after taking over the presidential office. On the other hand, there are many who believe that he also did well as the president of the US especially in the midst of the economic crisis. His being the Secretary of Commerce before being the president is the standard basis on this argument (Reich, 2008). The Crash of 1929 is undoubtedly one of the most celebrated events that transpired in the economic stability of the United States of all time. The first time the stocks went low continuously is also known as the Black Tuesday. It was on October 29, 1929, just a few months after President Hoover took office. American investors lost billions of dollars worth of investments in a matter of one month. One reason that caused the stock market crash seen by the historians was the rampant buying on margin practice of the people in 1929 as well as confluence factors. Hooverville is what the shanty towns around the United States are called. The Americans who suffered greatly from the Great Depression ended up building shanty towns in America. These towns were named after the President Herbert Hoover by Charles Michelson, chief publicity of the Democratic National Committee. (Kaltenborn, 1956) There were also other notable events that happened within the period of 1929 and 1945. One of these is the Bonus Army also known as the Battle of Anacostia Flats which occurred in June, 1932 where the World War I veterans camped in demonstration outside Washington D. C. during the Hoover’s presidency. One of the important names to note of during this period was Franklin Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States of America. He served the United States of America as president from March 4, 1933 to April 12, 1945. He was a figure of the century for being the president to battle the economic crisis as well as the World War II. Under his presidency, he made the New Deal for the recovery of the economy, unemployment and for the reforms the system of the American banking. The New Deal (1933-1936) was a promise from President Roosevelt to the American citizens during his nomination address. After taking office, President Roosevelt immediately worked to provide the Americans what he promised them in his nomination speech. The new deal he had for the country was for the immediate relief. The banks were in panic and so he immediately proposed bill that will put the bank into financial stability. In the New Deal of President Roosevelt, the continuation of major relief program was included. However, it was named as Federal Emergency Relief Administration. The New Deal agencies were the Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the Federal Trade Commission. He also expanded the former President Hoover’s agency, Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Recovery on the economic situation was through federal spending. The reformation of the economy was passed on the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), whereas the unanimous decision of the U. S. Supreme Court found it to be unconstitutional. However, the president opposed the decision of the Supreme Court. The Banking Holiday was declared by then new President Roosevelt after him taking the seat into office. As the president, he called special Congress session to institute the mandatory bank holiday that would last for four days. The holiday was to give way for the federal inspections of banks on their financial security. The Emergency Banking Relief Act (March 9, 1933) and the amendment of the Trading with Enemy Act are part of the reform under the Roosevelt administration. There was a Second New Deal after the congress election in 1935 bringing more legislation. The â€Å"Alphabet Soup† or the Alphabet Agencies refers to the many acronyms and abbreviations the legislation, programs and agencies linked with President Roosevelt’s New Deal. It was named coined after the alphabet soup noodles. The acronyms and abbreviations the Alphabet Soup refers to the following: Agricultural Adjustment Administration or AAA which is to provide federal subsidies to farmers creating numerous new jobs through the Civil Conservation Corps or CCC, Civil Works Administration or CWA, the Public Works Administration or PWA, and the Tennessee Valley Authority or TVA. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration or FERA was also established to provide relief on the state level, while the National Industrial Recovery Act or NIRA was passed to salvage nations failing factories. Huey P. Long of Louisiana was a senator from January 25, 1932 – September 10, 1935. He is the major critic of the president’s New Deal. According to him, the New Deal that the president was offering at that time is not doing any help for the betterment of the Americans’ situation. He has a totally different principle from Roosevelt. He believed that the Great Depression was because of the income inequality therefore proposing that the tax levy on the rich American must be bigger so that the normal families will survive. He was popular during the first term of President Roosevelt but was assassinated in 1935. From the beginning of World War II in 1939 during the administration of President Roosevelt, rationing system was applied in the United States. This system was applied to gasoline because of the shortage in the Eastern states of America. The reason for this is because in those years, petroleum products were carried by tankers. The dangers on tankers carrying petroleum were faced with operating U-Boats just off the US coast. Moreover, the speed limit of 35 mph to save fuel was imposed. In 1942, tires were also rationed because of the interruption on the supplies of natural rubber. By November in 1943, almost all the basic commodities were supplied to the people through rationing. The bombing of Pearl Harbor on Sunday, December 7, 1941 by the Japanese Empire opened the involvement of the United States Military to World War II. After the military involvement of the United States in World War II, the need for arms and cooperation of the Allied countries’ civilian forces had developed the informal term of home front. This means that the country at war and so are the populace of the country if need be. Hiroshima is the first city in the empire of Japan that was attacked by the United States of America with the nuclear weapon named â€Å"Little Boy†. The attack was made on August 6, 1945 under the executive order of the U. S. President Truman. Over 140,000 people were killed in Hiroshima. The nuclear bombing followed in Nagasaki on August 6, 1945. After six days, the Japanese Empire surrendered to the Allied Powers. On September 2, 1945, the Instrument of Surrender was signed ending the Pacific War and the World War II. Germany signed the Instrument of Surrender also ending World War II in the Europe. REFERENCES: Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!. (2004). W. W. Norton Company. New York City. ISBN 0-39-397873-5 Krugman, Paul. (December 28, 2008). Fifty Herbert Hoovers. New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2009. http://www. nytimes. com/2008/12/29/opinion/29krugman. html? _r=1. Reich, Robert B. (May 2008). Interview with Robert B. Reich. The Duncan Group, Inc. Retrieved May 9, 2009. http://www. duncanentertainment. com/interview_reich. php Kaltenborn, Hans. (1956). It Seems Like Yesterday. G. P. Putnam’s Sons. New York City. Page 88. Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933. (1933). U. S. Statutes at Large (73rd Congress, 1933). Documents of American History. Retrieved on May 10, 2009. http://tucnak. fsv. cuni. cz/~calda/Documents/1930s/EmergBank_1933. html. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (July 2, 1932). Roosevelts Nomination Address. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute. Retreived May 10, 2009. http://www. feri. org/archives/speeches/jul0232. cfm. Hawley, Ellis. The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (1966) Fordham University Press. p. 124 World War II Rationing. AmeHistoricalSociety. Retrieved May 10, 2009. http://www. ameshistoricalsociety. org/exhibits/events/rationing. htm#items. Adams, S. Crawford, A. (2000). World War II. First edition. Printed in association with the Imperial War Museum. Eyewitness Books Series. New York, Doring Kindersley Limited. Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.

Geomorphological processes in Kuwait Essay Example for Free

Geomorphological processes in Kuwait Essay The basic question of geomorphology is â€Å"why do landscapes look the way they do? † As a study of landforms, geomorphology seeks to understand the history and dynamics of landforms development. The landforms change constantly due to physical and chemic interaction between the Earth’s surface and the environment, including influences by geological processes, climate, vegetation, atmospheric processes, erosion by sea waves. In recent years the activities of man took a place of one of the basic factors influencing geomorphology. In this paper some of the geomorphological processes shall be studied using an example of Kuwait. The final purpose of the paper is to gain general understanding of geomorphological processes taking place in Kuwait and thusly obtain knowledge about the nature of geomorphological processes as they are. First and foremost it is necessary to give a definition of geomorphological process and provide their classification in order to understand what should be considered to be a geomorphological process, and what should not. Rhodes Fabridge in his â€Å"Encyclopedia of Geomorphology† speaks of it as of a science of a scenery and describes geomorphological process as processes contributing to geomorphological changes. They are classified into: 1. Erosional processes, causing erosion of earth materials, including deflation, karst, piping and washing; 2. Fluvial processes caused by behavior of rivers, including braiding and channel processes; 3. Mass movement processes – a movement of surface materials due to gravity, including snow avalanches, slow mass movement and rapid mass movement ; Periglacial and deglacial processes are also part of natural geomorphological processes, but they shall not be described, because neither of them takes place in Kuwait. However, there is another important group of processes affecting geomorphology – processes caused by human activity. They can result from willful desire to change the landscape, such as drifting or dismantling hills, building dams and artificial islands and they can be accessory result of some other activity, which is often undesirable and harmful. After a brief overview of geomorphologhical processes, we shall now apply this knowledge to Kuwait. In terms of geomorphology the territory of Kuwait is a flat sandy desert gradually slopping to the sea, with the lowest point of zero above the sea level and the highest point of 306 above the sea level (the location is unnamed) . This landscape is broken by the ridge at Jal Al-Zor – a series of low hills and shallow depressions. The highest point of the ridge is 145 meters above the sea level. The ridge is cut into two by Umm Al-Ramam Wadi. The southern part of Kuwait is flat with exception of Ahmadi hill (137 m) . Eolian processes in Kuwait Eolian processes are those geomorphological processes, which are caused by wind, including some types of erosional processes. For a desert country the eolian processes are most natural. They can be observed throughout the desert, especially on the south of Kuwait, where winds and sandstorms form the so-called sabkhas – irregular closed lowland areas. Two different types of Sabkhas are recognized: costal sabkhas and inland sabkhas. The costal ones are situated mostly in the Al-Jailaiaha and Al-Khiran areas, being extended along a costal depression. Inland sabkhas are situated in the desert areas of Al-Maqwa, Urafjan, and Al-Gurain. On the Kuwait’s west both types of sabkhas are subjected to erosional changes after sandstorms when they may be entirely filled with sand and disappear, and new sabkhas may appear. Often sabkhas are movable and change their location after storms . Sabkhas in Kuwait are often surrounded by dunes – another geomorphological form created by eolian processes. Dunes appear when wind transports sand to a particular spot of the landscape, carving out sand from the sabkhas. By their nature dunes are depositional landforms up to 25 meters high. There exist two types of dunes in Kuwait – desert dunes and costal dunes. Desert dunes are in turn classified into: 1. Barchans crescent-shaped dunes enlonged in the wind-direction with points (wings) curved downwind creating a slip-face; 2. Barchanoid Ridges – several barchans tied together similarly to a mountain ridge; 3. Transverses – long irregular dunes that form right angles to wind direction and have long slip-face; 4. Parabolic dunes crescent-shaped dunes with long axis repeating a dominant wind direction 5. Star Dunes – a large mount of sand with several sinuously radiating ridges from a central peak of sand; 6. Dome – round or elliptic dune with no slip-faces. Coastal dunes are similar to desert ones, but they are formed by strong winds blowing from the sea, often covered with vegetation. The rocky ridges in the deserts of Kuwait are also subjected to another type of eolian processes, namely wind erosion. Winds blowing over the rocks create areas of desert pavements around them – places covered with fragments of rock left after the wind has blown away the fine particles. On the top those areas are covered with desert varnish exposing to the surface. By blowing away soft rock fragment wind forms deflation basins, or minor depressions on the rocky surface. Where the rocks consisted of soft formations with dikes composed of hard rocks the wind blows the soft rocks away leaving freakish sculptured landforms called yardangs . Yardangs are not numerous in Kuwait and exist mostly in a form of low irregular pillars or peaked low crests . Additionally, rocks are affected by temperature extremes, which can be pretty high – a temperature can change for up to 30o C in one day and up to 50o C within a year. Combined with rains such extremes gradually ruin even the firmest grounds. Coastal processes in Kuwait Kuwait is washed by waters of Persian Gulf. In the centre of the country it’s coast bends forming the Gulf of Kuwait, where the capital of the country lays. The The coast of Kuwait is divided into nine geomorphological potions, out of which four are lie along the northern muddy shoreline and five in the southern sandy area. The northern part includes large portions of bays, which are filled with water during high tides and for most of the time they are areas of muddy ground. They are limited by costal sabkhas or sandy drifts. Intertidal channels form sandbars near the waterlines . At the coast the geomorphologic processes are represented by a combination of wind and waves influences. Washing processes result lead to formation of low sandy barriers along coasts, which mark the breaker line. Those barriers are made of sand partials brought by waves and are additionally affected by wind. In the northern portion of Kuwait’s shores piping processes lead to washing away soft rocks and formation of intertidal channels, tying together the sea and large portions of bays, which are filled with water during high tides and being muddy ground of the timed . In contrast to this, due to a different character of grounds, the southern portion of Kuwait’s coat is known with steep sandy beaches, narrowed by wide rocky intertidal platforms, covered with sand and other sediments, washed ashore by waves. In many places those rocky surfaces are dissected by intertidal channels and shallow gulleys. The low water line is marked by numerous sandbars. Sometimes they are formed in berms by waves . Costal dunes are often covered with vegetation binding sand together and preventing dunes from distruction. Karst processes in Kuwait Depths of Kuwait are characterized by intensive karst processes. Limestone geological formations, especially in the places where they lay close to surface, collect water from rains and other sediments like dew and this water erodes limestone forming cavities and pore spaces filled with water. Such processes are vital for Kuwait’s economy, because the country depends on them for water. In 1960 a large aquifer has been discovered in the western portion of Ar Rawdatayn geological formation, which is now used for distilled water production, covering most of the country’s needs. On the south from the city of Kuwait another water field has been discovered in the top of the limestone of the Ash Shuaybah. The water here is salty, so it is used mostly for agricultural and commercial needs. . Unfortunately, the Gulf war caused notable harm to Kuwaiti water supplies in the limestone depths. Exploding almost 700 oil wells caused oil to spill over the desert and in the rocks creating lakes of oil, which were estimated to contain 15 times more oil, than it has been spilled to the Gulf. Large amounts of oil particles are still detected in the sandy and rocky soils of Kuwait . Another effect of the war was partial destruction of the shoreline by oily spots and burning oil. The vegetation in the coastal areas suffered greatly, and this resulted in ruination of costal dunes and sabkhas. Some of the intertidal channels, especially in the northern part of the country, were littered with oil partials and do not let water pass any longer, causing drying up of minor costal bays and lakes . Works cited: 1. Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge. Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1968 2. A. Al-Hurban , and I.Gharib, â€Å"Geomorphological and sedimentological characteristics of coastal and inland sabkhas, Southern Kuwait†, Journal of Arid Environments Volume 58, Issue 1, July 2004, Pages 59-85 3. Selby, M. J. Earths Changing Surface. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 4. Mohamed I. El-Sayed and Dhia Al-Bakri, â€Å"Geomorphology and sedimentary/biosedimentary structures of the intertidal environment along the coast of Kuwait, north-western Arabian Gulf†. International Journal of Earth Sciences. Volume 83, Number 2 / July, 1994 5. Francesca Davis Dipiazza. Kuwait in Pictures, Twenty-First Century Books, 2006 6. J. Al-Sulaimi , M. N. Viswanathan and F. Szekely. â€Å"Effect of oil pollution on fresh groundwater in Kuwait†. Environmental Geology, Volume 22, Number 3 / November, 1993, p. -246-256 7. 2007 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK. Kuwait (CD-ROM), Progressive Management, 2006 8. Geomorphological processes. Published by Ministry of Environment of British Columbia. Available at: http://ilmbwww. gov. bc. ca/risc/pubs/teecolo/terclass/geo. htm#anchor800962 (October 19, 2007) 9. The Environment and the 1991 Persian Gulf War available at: http://countrystudies. us/saudi-arabia/17. htm (October 19, 2007)

Leadership Values To Individuals And Society General Studies Essay

Leadership Values To Individuals And Society General Studies Essay Leadership is the art of making people to do what you want them to do. It is a process of influencing others working for the common good and common goals while offering purpose and paths to achieve that. The army defines leadership as influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation, while operating to accomplish the mission and improve the organization (Army Leadership, Personnel General, Army Regulation 600-100). There are different approaches to leadership as transactional leadership, transformational leadership, situational leadership, and contingency leadership. Even that all these leadership approaches have similarities and differences they have all incorporated into them fear and/or respect as a mean to achieve goals. Looking at the leaders side this is his/her personal behavior and the environment that they surrounded with or they faced at the beginning of the career what actually shape their future style of leading. If one leader dealt with fear and pressur e from his/her supervisors, it is very likely that they will also treat their subordinates the same way. In the other hand, if the leader was treated with respect and this was what build and shaped his or her base of leadership it is very likely that he will treat his/her subordinates the same way. Even that there are different theories in the practice there always has been in question whether it is better to be feared or respected. And both of these are used in military leadership and in leadership in non-military organizations. It is very apparent that to some leaders only fear exists as a driving force toward achieving goals. They do not prefer to use other means as motivation for pushing their subordinates. In the other hand, seems that subordinates do not prefer fear to be their driving force. Instead they would like to have such a relationship that would push them to work tirelessly to satisfy their leader, but not fear. In this paper I am going to explore what does it mean for a leader to be feared or respected and what effect has it in his/her subordinates in particular or to the society in general based on personal experience as a cadet and what I learned and read about leadership. This paper actually is going to come across military leadership and leadership in non-military organizations. Respect by definition is esteem for or a sense of the worth or excellence of a person, a personal quality or ability, or something considered as a manifestation of a personal quality or ability (www.dictionary.com) respect is acknowledged to be a positive value that people posses. But people are not very conscious of what respect really means and of what significance it is. In most cases respect is perceived to as a judgment or opinion of someone not as a value. Based on my personal experience I can say that for respect to be durable it should be earned. It is important that a person should show respect to himself, to others (people that surround us), and try to earn the deserved respect. Since respect is viewed as a perspective for relationship, people decide whether it is achieved as a commitment for a successful relationship between people or whether it is part of our culture. For creating a world with collaboration and mutual respect we have to build a culture with worldwide respect and transmit our commitments toward others as respectable human beings. The basis for achieving respect in the leader-subordinate aspect is having satisfactory interactions with others. If there is a respectful environment there are possibilities for sharing vision, trust, mission, and there will be stronger teams within the organization to achieve common goals. A quote by Mark Clement says that leaders who win the respect of others are the ones who deliver more than they promise, not the ones who premise more that they can deliver. This shows that the influence of a leader is largely increased when he or she has the respect of the subordinates and through this they can achieve what is thought to be unachievable paving the road to success. But expecting to reach all the goals with only the respect of the subordinates might have shortcomings as well. Subordinates can be of a level not mature enough to understand what mutual respect means and this may turn against the leader. Also the leader might not make a realistic evaluation of the subordinates and as a result the reliance on the respect might end in catastrophe. Machiavelli in his book Prince gives several reasons why a leader should not rely on peoples respect because they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life and children. As is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you (Prince, 79). This actually tells that a leader must much more rely in his/her own forces and make a proper evaluation of the readiness of his/her subordinates in order to not have a catastrophic end. Among the very first things taught in military academies is respect. This is also taught to all soldiers. The very difference is that leaders have to know to win respect for themselves and for the others with whom they work and to create a respectful environment. Even that in militaries a straight chain of command exists there is an apparent need for respect. It is essential having respect for one another because that is actually what makes the military to operate. Having respect means also having trust between each other which essential for performing daily activities and during crisis. Without respect subordinates would always look for ways to escape from their leaders and things would hardly ever be done on time. There are several ways to earn respect in military. On and the most important one is by living with army values and becoming a role model for people that surround you. Moreover, the higher you go in ranks gives you a higher respect since earning higher ranks is not easily attained. In military when you have the respect of your subordinates it is much easier to empower them and delegate tasks without being reluctant that they will not perform well. Thus, it is worth quoting KPC (Kosovo Protection Corps) Officers Manual 103, which states that mutual respect will create a bond between officers and soldiers and it will always be there when tough times appear. There are certain ways to show that you respect someone. If you always tell the truth in good or bad times it is a sign of respect, if you make promises and keep them it is a sign of respect, and if you treat all your subordinates at the same level it is a sign of respect. There are many cases in which leaders were respected. This was actually the main driving force of peoples belief on their leaders and their decisions to be implied. Sir Winston Churchill was one of the most respected leaders in history. He led United Kingdom during the most difficult times. He had many cases when he had to make tough decisions that were not very popular but were very well accepted. These decisions were accepted only for a reason, the respect that people had for him. In the other hand, the other component of authority is fear. This derives mainly from the capacity of the leader to punish his/her subordinates. Some leaders have coercive power and use as the main tool in achieving their goals. These types of leaders tend to believe that through coercion you can achieve much more because you get the most from subordinate since they fear you. This derives from the belief that if someone fears you he or she will do anything just to not put into question your authority. Fearing the leader is a process that starts when subordinates come to contact for any sort information about this particular leader. They might hear that from the other fellow employees or other soldiers if military organization, that the leader is really a person who punishes in hardest way. In the book Prince, Machiavelli believes that it is impossible to achieve both respect and fear but when you have to choose between them fear is much more productive. He states that since you canno t trust people in tough times and it is better to be feared because fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails you (Prince, 80). The coercive power mentioned above is based on fear and is the ability to punish someone for any noncompliance. One way that leaders coerce their subordinates is by showing them that they are not complying with the process enforced by leader. However, also by fear and coercion can be achieved a lot of results. In the military fear of leader exists in all levels, from the newly recruits up to the senior officers. In the beginning of the military career soldiers fear from the leader because he can use his power and authority to punish them, which can have a negative result in their career. Interesting is the fact that these new soldiers have their utmost respect for their commander but yet fear has more influence than respect. This is much related to the stages of individual development and to the environment they perform in. There are a lot of cases that soldiers do things only regarding to the fear they have from their leader. There are also a lot of leaders that use fear upon their subordinates even that they complained when their former leaders used coercion on them. A good example of a leader who used fear could be Enver Hoxha, the communist leader of Albania. He was considered to be the best man to lead Albania after World War II. He had graduated from a prominent French University and fought heroically during the war. But Albanian people turned to be wrong. As he came to power he started eliminating his opponents and anyone who could come on his way. The most known eliminations were deportation, imprisonment, family punishments and not excluding killing people. These eliminations had a very high psychological effect on the population. During this time Albania became a country where the continuous repression had affected everyone. This paper has been an overview of two sides of conceptualization of leadership by subordinates, respect and fear. Fear has the tendency to make employees or soldiers perform better and achieve results but they feel unworthy as individuals. Respect is much more welcomed because it makes employees or soldiers to feel more confident and to feel themselves as part of team. At the military point of view much respect is assigned to certain positions and ranks but only the real respect is the everlasting one. In conclusion I think that in order to be a properly respected leader you must at first show respect. If you earn to the respect of the employees is much easier to accomplish goals, also the job performed by the subordinates will be of a higher level. The point is that if you earn the respect of the employees or the soldiers in a military organization, they will perform accordingly whatever the situation or when not under direct supervision. Promoting respect to any organization gives a dose of authority through influencing people. We should always try to make respect the core of our relationship with others. Having a mutual respect with subordinates only brings us success and continuous improvements. This kind of relationship will have sincerity at the top of it something that will create an everlasting desire and willingness to help each other. Only the true respect will inspire the subordinates to perform their best, and their best means the best for leader.

Gradient Function :: Papers

Gradient Function For this investigation, I have to find the relationship between a point of any non-linear graph and the gradient of the tangent, which is the gradient function. First of all, I have to define the word, 'Gradient'. Gradient means the slope of a line or a tangent at any point on a curve. A tangent is basically a line, curve, or surface that touches another curve but does not cross or intersect it. To find a gradient, observe the graph below: [IMAGE][IMAGE] All you have to do to find the gradient is to divide the change in X with the change in Y. In this case, on the graph above, AB and you would have gotten the BC gradient for that particular point of the graph. I am going start by finding the gradient function of y=x ², y=2x ², and then y=ax ². I will move on finding the gradient function of y=x ³, y=2x ³, and finally y=ax ³. I will then find the similarities and generalise y=axà ¢Ã‚ ¿ where 'a' and 'n' are constants, and then investigate the Gradient function for any curves of my choice. I will first find the gradient of tangents on the graph y=x ² by drawing the graph (page 3), and then find the gradient for a number of selected points on the graph: Point X Change in Y Change in X Gradient a -3 6 -1 -6 b -2 4 -1 -4 c -1 2 -1 -2 d 1 2 1 2 e 2 4 1 4 f 3 6 1 6 As you can see, the gradient is always twice the value of its original X value Where y=x ². So the gradient function has to be f `(x)=2x for

Email Privacy Issues :: essays research papers

Email Privacy Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a result of recent lawsuits against many organizations, companies have developed a policy on proper email practices on company computers. No longer is your personal email regarded as private when accessed on a company’s computer. Companies, in order to decrease lawsuits and increase productivity, have purchased email monitoring software to track email usage during work hours. Therefore, with the onslaught of email monitoring, is a private email really private?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In NetworkWorld’s The Perils of Privacy, Sharon Gaudin discusses the benefits of a company having a well-defined email policy. She provides the pros and cons of whether a company should invest in an email monitoring system. According to Gaudin, companies are held liable for what their employees do when using company equipment. A joke between to college buddies can be deemed sexual harassment by the company and open up a lawsuit if it ends up in the wrong hands. Because of this, companies have begun monitoring not only emails that employees send, but the websites they visit. Is this ethical? Some would say yes. A company has to protect its name and assets. The business arena is just for that†¦business. Employees are not paid to do personal business on company time. Leisure activity on the internet slows productivity and costs money. On the other hand, if a â€Å"clerk uses her lunch break to scan the Web for information on abuse victims, [and] the info rmation she calls up also flashes onto a screen in her boss's office, and now he knows a secret she never told anyone,† isn’t that a violation of her privacy?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While this issue seems to be one of ongoing debate, I am one who does not take sides. On one hand I can see the need for corporations to monitor their employees. Information within an email can be deemed unimportant to the mission and goals of the company.

Consumer Behavior Literature Review Essay

INTRODUCTION: Profile of students: 2014 was the year, which saw an increasing number of students of XLRI batch, belonged to Generation Z. The current students are the ones who were born into a digital world and they find it difficult remembering a time without the Internet, laptops and most importantly mobile phones. Also, they are used to process huge amounts of information using high speed Internet. Since this generation has spend an increasing amount of time interacting on social media than rest others, large amount of information which they receive is through others, which at times is not without personal bias. Some of the other qualities attributable to them are listed in the picture below: Given the limited income (owing to zero or 1-2 years of work experience), price is a key factor when students select their prospective alternatives of phones. Therefore, mid-range handsets are more popular in this segment instead of the high end ones. Mobile market and Brands in India: Some of the important headline facts ands figures related to mobile phone market in India: Around 200 Million units of feature phones were sold in India during 2013 Smartphones registered the fastest retail volume growth of 172% during 2013, with sales reaching 44 Million phones. Launch of affordable smartphones has decreased the increase in sales of feature phones. Mobile phones are expected to register retail volume growth of CAGR 9% with sales reaching 39 million units by 2018 Growth in the category and market share and its variance in last five years is given in the table below: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH India is a booming market for mobile phone industry. As per the report from IPSOS Consulting, Mobile subscribers grew from 2 million in 2000 to 939 million in 2012. Due to plethora of options available in the market,  customers get to choose the right product for them as per their needs. In order to understand the factors considered by a potential customer while making the buying decision in depth interview was conducted with people who bought mobile phone recently and the people with prior work experience in mobile manufacturing companies as described in Annexure1 Variables Identification The variable of our study are reasons for purchasing, criteria of mobile purchase, major information source, Demographic and Psychographic characteristic of mobile buyer across brands, satisfaction of the mobile purchase across brands, barriers to buying mobiles students face, awareness about mobile models, money spent on mobile in a year by students. The following table presents the details of variables of our study. Variable Parameter Reason for purchasing Calling, feeling connected, convenience Criteria of mobile purchase Price, sim slots, gaming ease, camera, screen size, warranty, graphic, processor, RAM, OS,storage Source of information Friends, shopkeepers, blogs, e-commerce websites factors influencing the purchase discount offers, EMI,exchange offers, festivals, gifts, sales promotions Demographic and psychographic characteristics Of mobile buyers across brands Prior work experience, gender, specialization Satisfaction of mobile across brands Brand loyalty, recommendation to others Barriers to buying Availability, time, inconvenience Awareness about mobile models Based on gender, used source of information Money spent on mobile in a year Average expenditure, frequency of purchase, number of phones used at a time Annexure-A (Details of In-depth Interview) Objective of In-depth Interview Identify the reasons for a new purchase To understand the factors affecting the buying decision To understand the role of WOM and other sources of information in making the final decision Identify the essential features in the mobile phone bought Identify the desired features in the mobile phone Screening Questions Purchased a mobile phone after coming to XLRI Or worked for a mobile manufacturing firm before coming to XLRI Introduction of Awareness Name, Home town Sources of information Behavior Influence of various source of information Relevant Attitude and Value Activity Aspirational Value Conclusion What are the main reasons for buying a particular phone? Literature Review Studies on consumer behavior regard consumers as key determinants of organizational success and it has been found that the most successful organizations are those that are customer-centered (Blackwell, Miniard, & Engel, 2006). It is a study of decision-making process of buyers whether they are individuals or a group to understand their demand. For companies it is very important to understand consumer behavior so that they can identify their requirements and cater to their expectations from the product or service. It is only then they will be able to capture their target market and maintain their market share. Dorsch, Grove and Darden (2002) in their research on customer choice of mobile phone found that from the perspective of marketing consumer’s purchase process can be classified into a five step  problem solving process such as: need recognition, information search, given alternatives evaluation, purchase activity and post purchase evaluation When buying a product a lot o f interpersonal and social factors are involved and so is the case for mobile phones. A study by Karjaluoto et al. (2005) on analyzing factors affecting decision making process for buying mobile phones in Finland, classified the factors into seven categories: innovative services, multimedia, design, brand and basic properties, outside influence, price and reliability. The authors also found from the two studies that while technical problems were the basic reason to change mobile phone among students; price, brand, interface, and properties were the most influential factors affecting the actual choice between brands. Liu (2002) conducted a similar study focused on decisions regarding brand for the mobile phones in Asia, found that the choice of a mobile phone is characterized by two attitudes towards brands: attitudes towards the mobile phone brand and attitudes towards the network. Largely new features affect customers’ choice of mobile phone brand than its size. This trend of choosing is definitely towards phones with better capacity and larger screens. It can also be seen that the current trend is seeing a shift in the mobile phone industry from second-generation mobile phones to third generation. Factors like Internet access and MMS services etc are also impacting consumer-buying behavior. In another study, Riquelme (2001) studied the amount of self-knowledge consumers have when choosing between mobile phone brands. It was built upon six key attributes (telephone features, connection fee, access cost, mobile to mobile phone rates, call rates and free rates). The research showed that consumers with prior knowledge were able to predict their choices relatively well but customers tended to overestimate the importance of features, call rates and underestimate the importance of monthly access fee, mobile to mobile phones rate and connection fee. References: 1. Blackwell, R. J., Miniard, P. W., & Engel, J. F. (2006). Consumer behavior (10th Ed.) Cincinnati, Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers. South Western-Thomson Learning. 2. Karjaluoto, H., Karvonen, J., Kesti, M., Koivumaki, T., Manninen, M., Pakola, J., Ristola, A., & Salo, J. (2005). Factors Affecting Consumer Choice of Mobile Phones: Two Studies from Finland. Journal of Euromarketing, 14(3), 59–82. 3. Liu, CM (2002). The effects of promotional activities on brand decision in the cellular telephone industry, The Journal of Product & Brand Management, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 42-51. 4. Dorsch, MJ, Grove, SJ and Darden, WR (2000). Consumer intentions to use service category, Journal of Services Marketing, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 92-118. 5. Riquelme, H. (2001). Do consumers know what they want? Journal of Consumer marketing 18(5), 437-448

Racism and Sociology Essay

The Plight of Man   Racism has punctuated the shaping of society for centuries, each major instance of which has helped dictate the direction of social interaction. Although we have come a long way in addressing the situation, it still remains a prevalent issue today. Being a global citizen in this day and age, one has a responsibility to be tolerant, as social circles overlap in a multicultural environment, and the luxury of being informed, grace of the globalizing advances in technology and social media. We live in a melting pot society and the idea of â€Å"Racism† holds no place in the modern world. Being collections of individuals who perceive ourselves to be members of the same social category, we share similar emotional involvements and we experience social overlap. To have conflict or strife in the community, as a result of racial animosity, degrades the moral pillars upon which society is built and results in what is effectively a civil war. The population experiences stratification and the distribution of social rewards are poorly distributed, as are the burdens. These institutionalized mis-allocations as a result of race or ethnicity continue to perpetuate prejudice and create a minority group, which is characterized namely by lack of social power or authority. The term â€Å"Prejudice† refers to attitudes of aversion and hostility toward the members of a group simply because they belong to it and hence are presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to it. The results of deeply engrained racial prejudices are active racial discriminations and the arbitrary denial of privilege, prestige, and power to members of a minority group. With every stigma attached to members of a certain culture, the potential for conflict and separation increases, as does the social and political stress. These prejudices can be very deeply engrained, because of the nationalistic tendencies, on both sides, to carve your own independent nation out of an existing state. These tendencies set the tone and direction for the social interactions to come. In North American society, immigration has long since been a part of our heritage and until recently had very lenient immigration laws allowing immigrants from Africa, China and people of varying faiths and groups to retained their  cultural identities and distinctiveness for many years.   As a result of these multi-ethnic societies, certain ethnic groups can lose their personal distinctiveness through the process of assimilation, or retain their identity and integrity through the process of pluralism. Assimilation refers to those processes whereby groups with distinctive identities become culturally and socially fused. Pluralism refers to a situation in which diverse groups coexist and boundaries between them are maintained. There are two distinct direction in terms of mind-set when practicing pluralism: Equal Pluralism, where ethnic group members participate freely and equally in political and economic institutions. And: Unequal Pluralism, where economic and political participation of minority groups is severely limited by the dominant group and may even entail genocide. Through the scope of global media we’ve been able to catch a glimpse all of these social phenomenons at play. From racist remarks in professional sports leagues, to hate fueled attacks at home as well as abroad, we can see these interactions affect public opinion and incite unique reactions.   When a race is being discriminated against, it becomes very difficult for a person of that race to compete, survive, and strive in that society. Because the allocation of social benefits and opportunity are not based on the merits of the individual, but rather preconceived notions. The contemporary or modern racism has been derived from many different places and ideas, one of the most common ideas being upbringing. As a youth, we are malleable and we rely on our parents to help us become who we are. Part of that involves how their own experiences have shaped their attitude. Distinct opinions, that of which children don’t have the maturity to form on their own. They rely on the education of their parents. But not only that, they believe it whole-heartedly; not having known anything else. This is often where the problem starts. Racism creates boundaries for people with potentially great minds and does not allow for a collective contribution of its citizens, which I believe t o be a critical component of a country’s development and success. If a class of people is not allowed to be educated, they cannot make important contributions in a society of technological advances and medical arenas. The denial of quality education to certain groups of people only serves to obstruct the economic progress of a nation. If we ostracize a  class of people and don’t allow them to participate culturally, we fail to understand and appreciate our differences and similarities, we fail to improve and we fail to develop socially.   These issues can be analyzed from multiple different perspectives. Some see society as a system made up of a number of interrelated and interdependent elements, each performing a function that contributes to the operation of the whole and others as power struggle over scarce resources, while for some, society is based on human interaction. Let’s start with Functionalism, focusing on dysfunction or disorganization within the social system as a cause for conflict. The premise behind the Functionalism perspective on race is that there would be a consensus between different ethnicities and race as immigration continued and our social circles continued to overlap. Naturally, to have this consensus, the minority group would need to assimilate with the larger group. At which point, they would become working and active members of society, contributing towards the benefit of the dominant ethnicity. At the core of Functionalism, is the idea of harmony but Functionalists do say that ethnic differentiation reduces consensus, increases the chances of conflict, and threatens the equilibrium of a society. Racism interferes with the efficient operation, the stability of the system and the achievement of societal goals. The saving grace for this theory is that it also promotes group formation and cohesion. The process of assimilation, in which a minority becomes absorbed into the dominant society -socially, economically, and culturally- infers willingness to participate and becomes a part of the majority social circle. The Conflict Theory perspective would involve all the different groups in society fighting amongst each other for all available resources and opportunities for advancement or personal betterment. When a sub-population feels somehow disadvantaged or are not receiving a sufficient share of the resources, be they money, power, prestige, or respected values and work to overcome those perceived disadvantages. This theory relates back to Marxist train of tho ugh and his famous â€Å"Class Theory† where these struggles for resources are limited to conflict between castes in society. This perspective argues for class-based conflict as an inherent and fundamental part of society, Conflict Theory promotes the idea that racial and ethnic conflict is in fact  tied to class conflict and that in order to reduce racial and ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced. Some cultures in the past, because of these repetitive battles over assets, have been bred out of War and as a result were quick to behave in a conflicting manner. The conflict is related to ethnocentrism and for more reasons than one relates directly to racism. Symbolic Interactionism is the individuals experience with and insight into meaning, as a function of interactions. The primary determinant of behaviour is the understanding that people have for one another. We start to see social problems and conflict in Symbolic Interaction when some social condition is defined by an influential group as stigmatizing or threatening to their values and disruptive of normal social expectations. Society, for a Symbolic Interactionist, is a network of interlocking roles and understanding your role, is pivotal. Social order is constructed mainly through interaction as individuals, through shared ground, explore their social world. The thing that first sets Symbolic Interaction into motion, from a racial perspective, is Competition: creating a niche for people by dividing urban space. Making it a prime medium through which to analyze the effect of racism on behaviour. Generally, the Functionalist perspective looks at society as a complex system. Functionalists aim to focus on different contributions to social solidarity and stability. Orthodox Functionalism did not technically envelop critical analyses of race or ethnicity, going instead for perceiving race as another constituent element. This element, within the larger whole of society, that is assimilated into its harmonious and smooth functioning’s. From this perspective, societies can be seen as finely tuned, interacting, and fundamentally relational constructs that function like organisms, with all different facets of the model are continuously, and unconsciously working towards social equilibrium. Given this repetitive emphasis on equilibrium and harmony, the Functionalist perspective easily allows for specific micro and macro analyses’ of more explicit race-inspired issues such as hate crimes or social power discrepancies and general racial conflict. It allows for the microana lyses in that most of modern sociology is oriented around the individual and trying to identity formation of the socially constructed nature of race. It is much less well adapted to  understanding individual discrimination and prejudice because it ignores the inequalities that cause tension and conflict. The Conflict theory, although it does account for much of the tensions seen is a discriminant world, is much to inclusive of all classes for it to be the main theory that can describe the tensions precipitated by race. To that effect, the Conflict Theory revolves around competition for resources and precipitates a much better scope through which to analyze of racist behaviour. The Symbolic Interaction Theory encapsulates the individualistic nature of mans behaviour as well as the social aspect of it. Peoples interactions with each other are attaching meaning to one another’s actions instead of merely responding or reacting to them. Human interaction is mediated by the use of a more subtle language of symbols and signification, by interpretation, or by ascertaining the meaning of one another’s actions. This can be done collaboratively in the instance of a one on one form of behavioural interpretation, as in attacks, or general attitude interpretation, as in social stigma s. We can clearly see the necessary relationships that define racism, in this day and age, with the Symbolic Interaction alone. Functionalism makes much available through its similar perspective but it’s lack of attention to the micro scale of society and the truly individualistic approach that humans take to understanding, and exhibiting behaviour makes it’s contributions lacking a key aspect of racism. The Symbolic Interaction also takes into account the Correspondence Bias and it’s tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behaviour is due to internal, dispositional factors; and to underestimate the role of situational factors. Biology and nature are very deeply connected and share a complex relationship. Early outlook of this relationship revealed that culture is slightly a product of biology. More recent perspective, however, is that human culture has reversed this particular causal direction and, culture can actually influence human evolution, which I personally think is where we’re at now. Racism ranges from the abstract micro interactions that stem from socializing negatively and being misinformed to concrete, cultural objects. We need to strive for a functioning society and the only way there will be  to work collectively. In conclusion, humans are naturally competitive, and naturally we’re going to continue to be competitive in nature. The only thing we can do is attempt to step outside of the boundaries that are set for us socially and the ones we personally set for ourselves. We are inherently social creatures, even though our Western perspective of self is more introspect-based, it ’s all about society in then end. Bibliography (Diana Kendall, 2008). Social Problems in a Diverse Society 2nd. Canadian Edition. Pearson Augie Fleras (2005) Social Problems in Canada: conditions, constructions and challenges. 4th. Canadian Edition. Pearson/Prentice Hall

Menelaus and Helen In ‘The Trojan War’ Essay

Menelaus and Helen are the main characters of the poem, hence, its title. This draws the readers’ attention mostly to the characters rather than to the Trojan myth. The title could have been, ‘The Trojan War’, but rather than doing this, Brooke focused mostly on the main characters, for the poem is more about them, than about the actual happening of the Trojan War. The perspective, and of whose point of view the poem has been written, does not change. It is always from Menelaus point of view of what is happening. Both in part one which describes the scene of the Trojan War, and how Helen has been captured by Paris and is token away from Menelaus, and in part two, which talks about the future, and supposition of how Menelaus and Helen would be years after, it is all Menelaus’ point of view, and not Brookes. The effects of this are that we only have the point of view of one of the main characters, so we do not know how the others felt about the same situation, because Brooke just describes Menelaus’ thoughts and not Helens. It is distinct in the poem that the persona is not Brooke, and that Brooke is simply writing as if he knew what Menelaus thought. This can be told because Brooke writes, â€Å"Menelaus broke To Priam’s palace†, and not â€Å"I broke into Priam’s palace†. The speaker clearly indicates what took Menelaus to this action, his reasons, his feelings, and sensations; Brooke refers to Menelaus’ actions, the scene, as if it were a fact, he does not at any moment of the poem, show his opinion. He is not biased; he simply tells what happens when Helen is captured, as if he were an observer. In the second stanza, it is not Brook’s thoughts, but Menelaus’ feelings towards Helen. It is very clear that Brooke does nto put himself as if he were Menelaus, â€Å"He had not remembered that she was so fair†, he just describes his thoughts as if he knew what Menelaus though about Helen. In the second part of the poem, Brooke analyses the scene and gives his opinion, â€Å"perfect knight†, in the third stanza he continues analyzing, he writes about Menelaus thoughts. So there is a clear distinction between the writer and the persona, we can tell whether or not the character and voice is in the poem or not. Brooke does not only state the facts, he is writing as if he could read Menelaus’ mind and thoughts about his future with Helen, he then goes back to telling the facts and what actually happened when they got old, relating the facts, being omniscient and analyzing what happens, this enriches our comprehension about what is going on. The poem does not have a formal structure. Although we can depict some rhymes at the end of lines, they do not follow a regular pattern. There is also some sense of symmetry, for the stanzas are reasonably the same length. The poem is divided into two parts, the firs one which is a myth and the second one which is the reality. The theme is first presented by a description of the scene, the capturing of Helen by Paris, then, the feelings of Menelaus towards Helen and their lives, following a vision and analysis of the result of the capturing and how Menelaus imagined his future would be, finally, a report on how their lives actually turned out to be. Brooke narrates the scene, he describes Menelaus’ thoughts and therefore does not use speeches in his poem. When there is use of speeches, we know exactly what are on the characters mind, but he does not use them, and we still understand the thoughts of Menelaus because the author does not write of his point of view, but as he were thinking like Menelaus. There are connotations such as when Brooke relates Helens voice as being golden. In this case his intentions are not to say that her voice is made of gold, but this suggests that she has a soft voice, which gives an impression that she is a delicate and elegant woman. Brooke does not literally mean that Helens voice is gold. Brooke does not need to tell the readers that Helen is a feminine woman, because, by saying that her voice is golden, that is already noticed by who reads the poem.

Knowledge English Essay

So the world I came to know started when I was six, when I moved here in the United States because of my father’s job. At such an early age, I was transported to a place where everything seems weird and different. Clueless, I wept for having no choice at all. There was no one to talk to, who would understand, and who would care. I asked myself how was I supposed to survive in this country when I do not know anybody and with little knowledge on English. The first days were a struggle – I miss my old home, my old school, my friends, everything in and about Japan. I was sick and homesick, did not want to go to the first day of grade school. But my mother forced me to. The diligent child that I am, I went to school in San Jose. I expected to be isolated; but my expectations were incorrect because I was welcomed by the entire school. People did not see my differences; they gladly accepted me. I was happy finding myself in the company of new friends, one of whom was Corey Tucker. It was lunchtime; I sat alone on the bench, crying. Someone suddenly reached over and stuck a chocolate-chip cookie in my mouth. The boy opened an interesting conversation. When I told him I came from Japan, he was excited, incessantly asking questions. With awkward smiles, I answered each of his queries even though I knew my English was not so good. By the time the lunch ended, Corey and I were best friends. He soon introduced me to his friends and was easily accepted to the school and the society I did not quite understand. They made sure I knew where the bathroom, canteen, library, clinic, and classrooms were and tutored me in the language; good thing I learned fast. As we matured, my friends did not only teach me English but also American culture, lifestyle, beliefs, and values. They have been very positive influences, especially Corey, who was always there for me and have remained my very good friends. Because of them, I came to love and appreciate life in this country. Homesickness and tears were all wiped out because I started being integrated into the society. I would come home from school tired yet happy. Thus, my parents enjoyed seeing my bright disposition, realizing I have adjusted successfully. In high school, with much proficiency in English, I persevered to perform well in my studies, regarding every course essential in my pursuit of knowledge and meaning in life. Truth is, I got disappointed whenever a classmate argues about the unimportance of studying math or physics because he or she sees no point in spending time to learn something that will not be of good use in the future. I hated this line of argument, as I deem every aspect of education as an essential tool in our lives. There is a reason why math or physics is in the curriculum and why we need to learn it. Whenever someone contends that a certain course or field of study is useless, I heat up, compelled to demonstrate the fallacy of such argument by providing specific examples from my own life or everyday circumstances. This is the world I came from. Much of what I know today, I owe to the friends who have guided me, the teachers who have taught me beyond what the textbooks said, and my family that has stayed intact and happy despite problems and difficulties. All these people have shaped my dream and aspiration to pursue a degree in math or physics. My friends knew that I am most passionate about physics and math. They have encouraged me to take this passion to a higher level. They have always joked that one day they will gladly see the Japanese friend they used to tutor become a physicist. I knew they will be happy if I pursue my dream. There is no better way of showing my appreciation for the years we have been together than showing them that the newbie they have welcomed has grown up to be a successful man. Moreover, the school world I came from have taught me not only factual knowledge but also values I need in facing bigger tasks in a bigger world. I want to make them proud that I, who was once a crybaby, feeling left out on the first day of school, am now successful in my own field and able to make a difference in others’ lives. Furthermore, the world I came from will not be the same without the family that sacrificed leaving Japan just to better provide for my needs. My aspiration of pursuing math or physics, practice it, and put into good use is largely for my mother and my father to show my appreciation for their efforts and sacrifices. Since America is my world now, I aspire to realize this here in the land I have come to call my home. I have always believed that the measure of learning is its application. Therefore, I prepare myself and try to achieve holistic development. I continuously hope that the education I have received and will receive can be used for the betterment of my world.

Sources for Rrl

Fajnzylber, Lederman and Loaysa (2002) – (Fajnzylber, P. , Lederman, D. and N. Loayza (2000). â€Å"Crime and Victimization: An Economic Perspective†, mimeo) â€Å"In fact the economics of crime interacts with different and heterogeneous fields (i. e. sociology, criminology, psychiatry and geography). It is closely related to poverty, social exclusion, wage and income inequality, cultural and family background, level of education and other economic and social factors that may affect individual’s propensity to commit crimes such as cultural characteristics, age and sex. â€Å" A spatial analysis of neighborhood crime in omaha, Nebraska using alternative measures of crime rates. By haifeng zhang and Michael p. peterson. internet journal of criminology 2007 Many researchers – (Ackerman (1998), Anselin (2000), Kershaw and Tseloni (2005), Nagle (1995), Osborn et al (1992). ) Substantial neighborhood crime research has documented that urban crime occurs most frequently in stressful and disadvantaged areas with disproportional concentration of poverty, unemployment and minority populations. The social disorganization theory argues that socio-economic stress (e. g. poverty, racial/ethnic issues, etc) undermines social control level and strikes the foundations of social cohesion, which results in occurrence of crime. The routine activity approach/theory claims that criminal activities are related to social environment and the behavior patterns of people who live in the neighborhood or community. Unfavorable environment settings (poverty, low education or li teracy and unemployment) are frequently used to evaluate the effects of crime correlates. (CRIME AND POVERTY) Fleisher (1963-1966) – (Fleisher, B. , (1966), â€Å"The Effects of Income Delinquency†, American Economic Review, 56 (1/2). Pp. 118-137) â€Å"The principal theoretical reason for believing that low income increases the tendency to commit crime is that it raises the relative cost of engaging in legitimate activity and that the probable cost of getting caught is relatively low, since they (low-income individuals) view their legitimate lifetime earnings prospects dismally they may expect to lose relatively little earning potential by acquiring criminal records, furthermore, if legitimate earnings are low, the opportunity of lifetime actually spent in delinquent activity, or in jail is also low (Fleisher 1966, p. 20)† Marc Hooghe, Bram Vanhoutte, Vim Hardyns and Tuba Bircan. Unemployment, Inequality, Poverty and Crime. Spatial Distribution Patterns of Criminal Acts in Belgium 2001-2006. British Journal of Criminology, 51 (1), pp. 1-20. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011. A concentration of poverty, a lack of resources and various indicators for social disorganization have all been invoked to explain a concentration of crime. Pg1 Kelly (2000) – (Kelly, M. , (2000). â€Å"Inequality and Crime†. The Review of Economics and Statitics, 82 (4), pp. 30-539) â€Å"in the economics theory of crime, areas of high inequality place poor individuals who have low returns from market activity next to high-income individuals who have goods worth taking, thereby increasing the returns to time allocated to criminal activity† â€Å"strain theory argues that, when faced with the relative success of others around them, unsuccessful individuals feel frustration at their situation. The greater the inequality, the higher this strain and the greater the inducement for low0status individuals to commit crime† Machin and Meghir (2004) (Machin, Stephen and Costas Meghir. â€Å"Crime and Economic Incentives. † National Bureau of Economic Research. 9 Feb 2009 ) When there are larger numbers of people with low wage rates, the crime rate usually goes up. Handbook of crime correlates. Lee Ellis, Kevin Beaver, John Wright. Academic Press, Oxford, UK Many of the most popular theories of criminal behavior have focused on poverty as a major causal factor (Mesnner and South 1986:977) pg 36 Deteriorated neighborhood conditions in an urban area were almost always associated with higher rates of official crime. Pg 237 (CRIME AND EDUCATION) (the socioeconomic determinants of crime. A review of literature. Paolo buonanno. Univerita degli studi di Milano-bicocca. p18) Crime appears to be strictly related to the level of education attained and to individual’s economic and social background. Freeman (1991,1996), Grogger (1995,1998) and more recently Lochner and Moretti (2001) attempt to clearly identify the relationships between crime and education. – Usher (1997) (Usher, D. , (1997). â€Å"Education as Deterrent to Crime†. Canadian Journal of Economics, 30 (2), pp. 367-84. ) â€Å"Education promotes good citizenship. Education does more than teach skills to enhance one’s capacity to earn income. It perpetuates the values of society, enculturates people to serve their communities and promotes virtues of hard work and honesty. † Education may also have a â€Å"civilization effect,† tending to reduce the incidence of criminal activity. Ehrlich (1975, p. 333) (Elrich,I. , (1975). â€Å"On the Relation between Education and Crime†. In Juster, F. T. (Ed. ), Education, Income and Human Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 313-337. ) Positive relationship between the average number of school years completed by the adult population (over 25 years) and particularly property crimes committed across the U. S. in 1960 Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) (Wilson, J. Q. and R. Herrnstein (1985). Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster) Several studies have shown that criminals tend to be less educated and from poorer economic backgrounds than non-criminals. Lochner (1999) (Lochner, L. , (1999). Education, Work and Crime: Theory and Evidence†, Working Paper No 465, Center for Economic Research (RCER) – University of Rchester) â€Å"crime is primarily a problem among young educated men. Individuals with low skill level are more likely to participate in criminal activities because the returns they can earn from work or school are low. Both high school graduation and ability directly lower criminal propen sities† p. 34 Lochner and Moretti- (Lochner, L. and E. Moretti (2001). â€Å"The effect of education on crime: evidence from prison inmates, arrests and self-reports†, NBER Working-Paper no. 605) â€Å"Schooling increases the returns to legitimate work, raising the opportunity costs of illegal behavior. † P. 1 â€Å"Schooling significantly reduces criminal activity† p. 30 Education and Crime. Lancer Lochner. University of Western Ontario. December 13, 2007. Empirically there is a strong negative correlation between educational attainment and various measures of crime. Using OLS, Lochner and Morretti (2004) estimate that one-year increase in average education levels in a state reduces state-level arrest rates by 11 percent. pg9 Handbook of crime correlates. Lee Ellis, Kevin Beaver, John Wright. Academic Press, Oxford, UK The vast majority of studies have concluded that as an individual’s years of education increase, his or her probability of criminal behavior decreases. Two studies of the relationship between years of education and antisocial behavior both concluded that a significant negative correlation existed. Pg 36 The crime reducing effect of education. Stephen machin, Olivier marie. Suncica vujic. Institute for the Study of Labor discussion paper no. 5000. June 2010. IZA Bonn Germany Pg 2-4 There are a number of theoretical reasons why education may have an effect on crime. From the existing socio-economic literature there are (at least) three main channels through which schooling might affect criminal participation: income effects (education increases the returns to legitimate work raising the opportunity costs of illegal behavior therefore, those who can earn more are less likely to engage in crime), time availability (time spent in education may also be important in terms of limiting the time available for participating in criminal activity. The time spent at school during the year is negatively correlated to the probability of arrest that year. It was found that property crime increases significantly in areas where youths have days off school) and patience or risk aversion. For most crimes, one would expect that these factors induce a negative effect of schooling on crime. CRIME AND UNEMPLOYMENT Arvantes and Delfina 2006 High unemployment rates also provide incentives to perform all kinds of criminal acts. John P. Allison (1972) (Allison, John P. Economic Factors and the rate of Crime. † Land Economics 48 (1972): 193-96. JSTOR. 9 Feb 2009 ) Allison finds that unemployment rate is one of the biggest factors that contribute toward crime rates. Both unemployment and poverty rates have significant and positive effects on crime rate. Handbook of crime correlates. Lee Ellis, Kevin Beaver, John Wright. Academic Press, Oxford, UK Pg 107 Regarding the frequency of unemployment, numerous studies have been conducted with res pect to criminality. The majority of these studies have indicated that frequently unemployed persons are more likely to have a criminal record In Ehrlich model, individuals divide their time between legal activates and risky illegal activities. If legal income opportunites become scare relative to potential gains in crime, the model predicts that crime will become more frequent. Increased unemployment could be one such factor. Identifying the effect of unemployment and crime. Steven Raphael and Rudolf winter-ebmer. Journal of law and economics. Vol. xliv. April 2001. The university of chicago Pg 260 Declines in crime rates may be due in part to the current absence of legal employment opportunities. To the extent that increase legitimate employment opportunities deter potential offender from committing crimes, a decline in the unemployment rate such as that observed during the 1990s may be said to cause the declines in crime rate. CRIME AND LITERACY Handbook of crime correlates. Lee Ellis, Kevin Beaver, John Wright. Academic Press, Oxford, UK Pg 150 The vast majority of studies have found that individuals who receive high grades tend to be less criminal than those with low grades. The academic performance of delinquents and criminals tends to be especially poor in those subject areas requiring reading and other linguistic skills rather than in areas where the primary demands are on mathematical and scientific reasoning skills. Pg241 – 243 There is a strong evidence that academic performance as measured by grade point average was inversely associated with both official and self-reported criminality in nearly all investigations. Slow reading development was positively correlated with involvement in crime and delinquency. Theories the Criminological theories past to present. Essential Readings. Third edition. Francis T. Cullen and Robert Agnew. Roxbury Publishing Company LA California, Pg 5-8 Classical theory by Beccaria Central Thesis: Crime occur when the benefits outweigh the costs – when people pursue self-interest in the absence of effective punishments. Crime is a free-willed choice Positivist theory Crime is caused or determined by sociological factors Social Disorganization/Chicago School – Shaw an McKay, Sampson and Wilson, Raudenbush and Earls Disorganized communities cause crime because informal social controls break down and criminal cultures emerge. They lack the â€Å"collective efficacy† to fight crime and disorder. Strain/General Strain by Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin, Agnew When individuals cannot obtain success goals (e. g. , money, status in school), they experience strain or pressure. Under certain conditions, they are likely to respond to this strain through crime. The strains leading to crime, however, may not only be linked to goal blockage (or deprivation of valued stimuli0 but also to the presentation of noxious stimuli and the taking away of valued stimuli. Critical Theory by Bonger, Quinney, Currie and Colvin Inequality in material well-being creates conditions that lead to street crime and corporate crime.